Measles at the present stage
Aygerim Zhuzzhasarova 1 2 * ,
Dinagul Bayesheva 1 2,
Alena Altynbekova 1 2,
Bayan Turdalina 1 2,
Aliya Seidullayeva 1 2,
Aitolkyn Mynzhanova 1 2,
Almagul Kushugulova 3 More Detail
1 Astana Medical University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
2 Multidisciplinary city Hospital No3, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
3 Center of Life Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
* Corresponding Author
J CLIN MED KAZ, Volume 18, Issue 6, pp. 25-31.
https://doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/11392
OPEN ACCESS
1466 Views
1223 Downloads
ABSTRACT
Measles is an acute infectious disease characterized by a combination of catarrhal symptoms and specific exanthema. This is a highly contagious, potentially fatal infection with an airborne transmission mechanism. A distinctive feature of the pathogen of which is the ability to cause prolonged post-infectious immunosuppression. Fever in combination with one of the following manifestations: cough, runny nose, conjunctivitis are the first clinical manifestations of the disease. The Belsky-Filatov-Koplik spots are specific rashes on the mucous membrane of the cheeks, allowing to establish a diagnosis even before the appearance of exanthema. The rash usually appears 3-4 days after the onset of an increase in body temperature and is characterized by a gradual rash, initially occurs on the face and behind the ears, which is associated with the peak of the clinical picture. Measles is characterized by a polysystemic lesion, with a predominant involvement in the pathological process of the central and respiratory systems of the body, while pneumonia is one of the most frequent complications that lead to a fatal outcome. In the treatment of measles, supportive therapy, correction of dehydration and nutrient deficiency, as well as treatment of secondary bacterial infections and providing the body with vitamin A are of great importance. It is important to note that measles has lifelong immunity after an infection or vaccination, while vaccination against measles plays a crucial role in its elimination. Previously, it was believed that measles is on the verge of eradication, but its outbreaks in Europe at the present stage have led to the return and spread of this infection. Measles remains the leading cause of global child mortality in the world, as children from developing countries are most susceptible to this disease. About 45 million new cases of measles are registered annually in the world, among which almost a million people die.
CITATION
Zhuzzhasarova A, Bayesheva D, Altynbekova A, Turdalina B, Seidullayeva A, Mynzhanova A, et al. Measles at the present stage. J CLIN MED KAZ. 2021;18(6):25-31.
https://doi.org/10.23950/jcmk/11392
REFERENCES
- Schoini P, Karampitsakos T, Avdikou M, Athanasopoulou A, Tsoukalas G, Tzouvelekis A. Measles pneumonitis. Adv Respir Med. 2019;87(1):63-67. doi: 10.5603/ARM.a2019.0010.
- Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Herzer K, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD008524. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub3.
- Ilyas M, Afzal S, Ahmad J, Alghamdi S, Khurram M. The Resurgence of Measles Infection and its Associated Complications in Early Childhood at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Peshawar, Pakistan. Pol J Microbiol. 2020;69(2):1-8. doi: 10.33073/pjm-2020-020.
- Duke T, Mgone CS. Measles: not just another viral exanthem. Lancet. 2003;361(9359):763-73. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12661-X.
- Moss WJ, Griffin DE. Measles. Lancet. 2012;379(9811):153-64. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62352-5.
- Robbins FC. Measles: clinical features. Pathogenesis, pathology and complications. Am J Dis Child. 1962; 103:266-73. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.1962.02080020278018.
- Hall V, Banerjee E, Kenyon C, Strain A, Griffith J, Como-Sabetti K, Heath J, Bahta L, Martin K, McMahon M, Johnson D, Roddy M, Dunn D, Ehresmann K. Measles Outbreak - Minnesota April-May 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(27):713-717. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6627a1.
- Piccirilli G, Lazzarotto T, Chiereghin A, Serra L, Gabrielli L, Lanari M. Spotlight on measles in Italy: why outbreaks of a vaccine-preventable infection continue in the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(3):355-62. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1003808.
- Sá Machado R, Perez Duque M, Almeida S, Cruz I, Sottomayor A, Almeida I, R Oliveira J, Antunes D. Measles outbreak in a tertiary level hospital, Porto, Portugal, 2018: challenges in the post-elimination era. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(20):18-00224. doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.20.18-00224.
- WHO warns that progress towards eliminating measles has stalled [http:// www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/eliminating-measles/en/. Accessed 5 April 2017.
- Patel M.K., Gacic-Dobo M., Strebel P.M., Dabbagh A., Mulders M.N., Okwo-Bele J., Dumolard L., Rota P.A., Kretsinger K., Goodson J.L. Progress toward regional measles elimination—Worldwide, 2000–2015. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 2016;65:1228–1233. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6544a6.
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. EpiBrief. 2016;1:1-11. Available at.
- Seither R, Calhoun K, Knighton CL, Mellerson J, Meador S, Tippins A, Greby SM, Dietz V. Vaccination Coverage Among Children in Kindergarten - United States, 2014-15 School Year. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(33):897-904. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6433a2.
- Orenstein WA, Hinman A, Nkowane B, Olive JM, Reingold A. Measles and Rubella Global Strategic Plan 2012-2020 midterm review. Vaccine. 2018;36 Suppl 1:A1-A34. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.026.
- Abeev A, Zhylkibayev A, Kamalova D, Kusheva N, Nusupbaeva G, Tleumbetova N, Smagul M, Beissenova S, Aubakirova S, Kassenova Z, Demessinova B, Amanbayev A, Ramankulov Y, Shevtsov A. Epidemiological Outbreaks of Measles Virus in Kazakhstan during 2015. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2018;71(5):354-359. doi: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2017.565.
- Dabbagh A, Laws RL, Steulet C, Dumolard L, Mulders MN, Kretsinger K, Alexander JP, Rota PA, Goodson JL. Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination - Worldwide, 2000-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(47):1323-1329. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6747a6.
- Thornton J. Measles cases in Europe tripled from 2017 to 2018. BMJ. 2019;364:l634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l634.
- Griffin DE, Moss WJ. Measles. Lancet. 2012;379(9811):153-64. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62352-5.
- Thornton J. Measles cases in Europe tripled from 2017 to 2018. BMJ. 2019;364:l634. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l634.
- Dardis MR. A review of measles. J Sch Nurs. 2012;28(1):9-12. doi: 10.1177/1059840511429004.
- Bentley J, Rouse J, Pinfield J. Measles: pathology, management and public health issues. Nurs Stand. 2014;28(38):51-8. doi: 10.7748/ns.28.38.51.e8765.
- Rota PA, Moss WJ, Takeda M, de Swart RL, Thompson KM, Goodson JL. Measles. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16049. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.49.
- Shanks GD, Hu Z, Waller M, Lee SE, Terfa D, Howard A, van Heyningen E, Brundage JF. Measles epidemics of variable lethality in the early 20th century. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(4):413-22. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwt282.
- Genetic Analysis of Measles Viruses. https://www.cdc.gov/measles/lab-tools/genetic-analysis.html
- Bernstein HH, Bocchini JA Jr; Committee on infectious diseases. The Need to Optimize Adolescent Immunization. Pediatrics. 2017;139(3):e20164186. doi: 10.1542/peds.2016-4186.
- Klein SL, Marriott I, Fish EN. Sex-based differences in immune function and responses to vaccination. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015;109(1):9-15. doi: 10.1093/trstmh/tru167.
- Rouse J, Bentley J. Pinfield J. Measles: pathology, management and public health issues. Nurs Stand. 2014;28(38):51-8. doi: 10.7748/ns.28.38.51.e8765.
- Huiming Y, Chaomin W, Meng M. Vitamin A for treating measles in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;2005(4):CD001479. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001479.pub3.
- Bello S, Meremikwu MM, Ejemot-Nwadiaro RI, Oduwole O. Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(8):CD007719. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007719.pub4.
- Bichon A, Aubry C, Benarous L, Drouet H, Zandotti C, Parola P, Lagier JC. Case report: Ribavirin and vitamin A in a severe case of measles. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(50):e9154. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009154.
- Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Herzer K, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD008524. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub3.
- Kobaidze K, Wallace G. Forgotten but Not Gone: Update on Measles Infection for Hospitalists. J Hosp Med. 2017;12(6):472-476. doi: 10.12788/jhm.2752.
- Piccirilli G, Lazzarotto T, Chiereghin A, Serra L, Gabrielli L, Lanari M. Spotlight on measles in Italy: why outbreaks of a vaccine-preventable infection continue in the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(3):355-62. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1003808.
- Klein NP, Zerbo O, Goddard K, Wang W, Fohner AE, Wiesner A, Shokoohi V, Coller J, Bok K, Gans HA. Genetic associations with a fever after measles-containing vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(6):1763-1769. doi: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1849520. Epub 2020 Dec 22.
- Bester JC. Measles and Measles Vaccination: A Review. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170(12):1209-1215. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1787.
- Lindberg C, Lanzi M, Lindberg K. Measles: Still a Significant Health Threat. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs. 2015;40(5):298-305; quiz E21-2. doi: 10.1097/NMC.0000000000000162.
- Sood SB, Suthar K, Martin K, Mather K. Vaccine-associated measles in an immunocompetent child. Clin Case Rep. 2017;5(11):1765-1767. doi: 10.1002/ccr3.1174.
- Kumar D, Sabella C. Measles: Back again. Cleve Clin J Med. 2016;83(5):340-4. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.83a.15039.
- Caldararo S. Measles. Pediatr Rev. 2007;28(9):352-4. doi: 10.1542/pir.28-9-352.
- Moss WJ. Measles. Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2490-2502. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31463-0.
- Piccirilli G, Lazzarotto T, Chiereghin A, Serra L, Gabrielli L, Lanari M. Spotlight on measles in Italy: why outbreaks of a vaccine-preventable infection continue in the 21st century. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;13(3):355-62. doi: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1003808.
- Gadler T, Martinez N, Ogg-Gress J. Recognizing Measles, Mumps, and Rubella in the Emergency Department. Adv Emerg Nurs J. 2018;40(2):110-118. doi: 10.1097/TME.0000000000000190.
- Imdad A, Mayo-Wilson E, Herzer K, Bhutta ZA. Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3(3):CD008524. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008524.pub3.
- Dardis MR. A review of measles. J Sch Nurs. 2012;28(1):9-12. doi: 10.1177/1059840511429004.
- Chovatiya R, Silverberg JI. Inpatient morbidity and mortality of measles in the United States. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231329. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231329.
- Roose J, Rohaert C, Jadoul A, Fölster-Holst R, van Gysel D. Modified Measles: A Diagnostic Challenge. Acta Derm Venereol. 2018;98(2):289-290. doi: 10.2340/00015555-2825.
- Bhatt JM, Huoh KC. Otolaryngological manifestations of Measles (Rubeola): A case report and brief review. Laryngoscope. 2016;126(6):1481-1483. doi: 10.1002/lary.25549.
- Lai WS, Lin YY, Wang CH, Chen HC. Measles: A missed cause of acute tonsillitis. Ear Nose Throat J. 2017;96(10-11):E54-E55. doi: 10.1177/0145561317096010-1111.
- Colombo I, Forapani E, Spreafico C, Capraro C, Santilli I. Acute myelitis as presentation of a reemerging disease: measles. Neurol Sci. 2018;39(9):1617-1619. doi: 10.1007/s10072-018-3416-0.
- Fisher DL, Defres S, Solomon T. Measles-induced encephalitis. QJM. 2015;108(3):177-82. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcu113
- Garg RK, Malhotra HS, Rizvi I, Kumar N, Jain A. An unusual case of acute encephalitic syndrome: Is it acute measles encephalitis or subacute sclerosing panencephalitis? Neurol India. 2017;65(6):1333-1344. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.217942.
- Campos-Outcalt D. Measles: Why it's still a threat. J Fam Pract. 2017;66(7):446-449.
- MacFadden DR, Gold WL. Measles. CMAJ. 2014;186(6):450. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.130958.
- McCarthy M. US sees first measles death in 12 years. BMJ. 2015;351:h3653. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h3653.
- Wyplosz B, Lafarge M, Escaut L, Stern JB. Fatal measles pneumonitis during Hodgkin's lymphoma. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013:bcr2013200252. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200252.
- Update of the nomenclature for describing the genetic characteristics of wild-type measles viruses: New genotypes and reference strains. Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. 2003; 78:229–232.
- Kessler, J.R.; Kremer, J.R.; Shulga, S.V.; Tikhonova, N.T.; Santibanez, S.; Mankertz, A.; Semeiko, G.V.; Samoilovich, E.O.; Tamfum, J.-J.M.; Pukuta, E.; et al. Revealing new measles virus transmission routes by use of sequence analysis of phosphoprotein and hemagglutinin genes. J. Clin. Microbiol. 2011; 49:677–683. doi: 10.1128/JCM.01703-10.
- Gardy, J.L.; Naus, M.; Amlani, A.; Chung, W.; Kim, H.; Tan, M.; Severini, A.; Krajden, M.; Puddicombe, D.; Sahni, V.; et al. Whole-genome sequencing of measles virus genotypes H1 and D8 during outbreaks of infection following the 2010 Olympic winter games reveals viral transmission routes. J. Infect. Dis. 2015; 212:1574–1578. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv271.
- Bichon A, Aubry C, Benarous L, Drouet H, Zandotti C, Parola P, Lagier JC. Case report: Ribavirin and vitamin A in a severe case of measles. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(50):e9154. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000009154.
- Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Measles in 2019 - Going Backward. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(23):2185-2187. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1905099.
- Rota PA, Bankamp B. Whole-Genome Sequencing During Measles Outbreaks. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(10):1529-30. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv272.